Investigation of Fractures Effect on Building Stone Utilization: a Case Study | ||
| Journal of Mining and Environment | ||
| مقاله 12، دوره 14، شماره 2، تیر 2023، صفحه 565-576 اصل مقاله (9.33 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Case Study | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22044/jme.2023.12512.2271 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Hasan Alizadeh* 1؛ Mahnaz Nedaei1، 2؛ Negar Tirandaz3 | ||
| 1Geology Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Board of Directors of Geological Society of Iran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Geology Department, Faculty of Basic Science, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| One of the significant negative factors involved in exploiting granite stones as ornamental stones is the presence of heterogeneous fractures within the rock mass. Joints can either be destructive or beneficial in the production granite piles and building stone mines depending on their characteristics. This work focuses on evaluating the joints in the Divchal mine area of Kelardasht, north Iran. To get to that point, the main faults are surveyed from the aerial photograph, geological and tectonic maps, and field observations. According to this implementation, a density map of faults is provided for the entire studied area. The characteristics of the main joints including the length, slope, number, and orientation are collected in the mine area. The volumetric percentage of joints ( ) and joint set spacing ( ) parameters are computed at specific stations to identify suitable locations for granite extraction. The findings of this work suggest that the lower the value of ( < 10), the larger the blocks can be extracted. On the other hand, at the high values, the width of the extraction block increases. These conditions are typically found in locations far from the main faults where the density of joints is low, and as a result, the distance between joints is higher. The values > 60 indicate a crushed rock mass, and are typically observed in clay-free shear zones. It is recommended that the opening of the working face be avoided in situations near the main faults due to the fragmentation of rocks and denser joint spacing. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Granite exploration؛ Joint density؛ Tectonics؛ Kelardasht؛ Alborz | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
[1]. Carvalho, J.F., Henriques, P., Falé, P., and Luís, G. (2008). Decision criteria for the exploration of ornamental-stone deposits: Application to the marbles of the Portuguese Estremoz Anticline. International journal of rock mechanics and mining sciences, 45 (8): 1306-1319.
[2]. Selonen, O., Luodes, H., and Ehlers, C. (2000). Exploration for dimensional stone—implications and examples from the Precambrian of southern Finland. Engineering Geology, 56 (3-4): 275-291.
[3]. Tercan, A. E., and Özçelik, Y. (2000). Geostatistical evaluation of dimension-stone quarries. Engineering Geology, 58 (1): 25-33.
[4]. Yarahmadi, R., Bagherpour, R., Taherian, S.G., and Sousa, L.M. (2018). Discontinuity modelling and rock block geometry identification to optimize production in dimension stone quarries. Engineering Geology, 232, 22-33.
[5]. Azarafza, M., Ghazifard, A., Akgün, H., and Asghari-Kaljahi, E. (2019). Development of a 2D and 3D computational algorithm for discontinuity structural geometry identification by artificial intelligence based on image processing techniques. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 78, 3371-3383.
[6]. Kalenchuk, K.S., Diederichs, M.S., and McKinnon, S. (2006). Characterizing block geometry in jointed rockmasses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43 (8): 1212-1225.
[7]. Latham, J.P., Van Meulen, J., and Dupray, S. (2006). Prediction of in-situ block size distributions with reference to armourstone for breakwaters. Engineering Geology, 86 (1): 18-36.
[8]. Lu, P., and Latham, J. P. (1999). Developments in the assessment of in-situ block size distributions of rock masses. Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 32, 29-49.
[9]. Maerz, N.H., and Germain, P. (2018). Block size determination around underground openings using simulations. In Measurement of Blast Fragmentation (pp. 215-223). Routledge.10.
[10]. Palmström, A., Sharma, V.I., and Saxena, K. (2001). In-situ characterization of rocks. BALKEMA Publ, 1-40.
[11]. Palmstrom, A. (2005). Measurements of and correlations between block size and rock quality designation (RQD). Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20 (4): 362-377.
[12]. Shah, K.S., Mohd Hashim, M.H.B., and Ariffin, K.S.B. (2022). Photogrammetry and Monte Carlo Simulation based statistical characterization of rock mass discontinuity parameters. International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering, 56 (2): 151-157.
[13]. Sonmez, H., Nefeslioglu, H. A., and Gokceoglu, C. (2004). Determination of wJd on rock exposures including wide spaced joints. Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 37, 403-413.
[14]. Sturzenegger, M.D. Stead, and D. Elmo, Terrestrial remote sensing-based estimation of mean trace length, trace intensity and block size/shape. Engineering Geology, 2011. 119 (3-4): p. 96-111.
[15]. Wang, L.G., Yamashita, S., Sugimoto, F., Pan, C., and Tan, G. (2003). A methodology for predicting the in situ size and shape distribution of rock blocks. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 36 (2): 121.
[16]. Yarahmadi, R., Bagherpour, R., Sousa, L.M., and Taherian, S.G. (2015). How to determine the appropriate methods to identify the geometry of in situ rock blocks in dimension stones. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 6779-6790.
[17]. Morales Demarco, M., Oyhantçabal, P., Stein, K. J., and Siegesmund, S. (2013). Granitic dimensional stones in Uruguay: evaluation and assessment of potential resources. Environmental earth sciences, 69 (4): 1397-1438.
[18]. Jern, M. (2004). Determination of the in situ block size distribution in fractured rock, an approach for comparing in-situ rock with rock sieve analysis. Rock mechanics and rock engineering, 37 (5): 391-401.
[19]. Mutlutürk, M. (2007). Determining the amount of marketable blocks of dimensional stone before actual extraction. Journal of mining science, 43, 67-72.
[20]. Nefeslioglu, H. A., Gokceoglu, C.A.N.D.A.N., and Sonmez, H. (2006). Indirect determination of weighted joint density (wJd) by empirical and fuzzy models: Supren (Eskisehir, Turkey) marbles. Engineering Geology, 85 (3-4): 251-269.
[21]. Nikolayev, D., Siegesmund, S., Mosch, S., and Hoffmann, A. (2007). Modell-based prediction of unfractured rock masses. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 483-490.
[22]. Prissang, R.H., Lehtimäki, T., Saksa, P., Nummela, J., and Vuento, A. (2007). Localisation of undisturbed blocks in larger dimension stone rock masses. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften, 471-482 .
[23]. Saavedra, A., Ordonez, C., Taboada, J., and Armesto, J. (2010). Compositional kriging applied to the reserve estimation of a granite deposit. Dyna, 77 (161): 53-60.
[24]. Sousa, L.M.O. (2010, February). Evaluation of joints in granitic outcrops for dimension stone exploitation. Geological Society of London.
[25]. Taboada, J., Ordóñez, C., Saavedra, A., and Fiestras-Janeiro, G. (2006). Fuzzy expert system for economic zonation of an ornamental slate deposit. Engineering Geology, 84 (3-4): 220-228.
[26]. Darwish, T., Khater, C., Jomaa, I., Stehouwer, R., Shaban, A., and Hamzé, M. (2011). Environmental impact of quarries on natural resources in Lebanon. Land degradation & development, 22 (3): 345-358.
[27]. Koca, M.Y., and Kıncal, C. (2004). Abandoned stone quarries in and around the Izmir city centre and their geo-environmental impacts—Turkey. Engineering Geology, 75 (1): 49-67.
[28]. Mouflis, G.D., Gitas, I.Z., Iliadou, S., and Mitri, G.H. (2008). Assessment of the visual impact of marble quarry expansion (1984–2000) on the landscape of Thasos island, NE Greece. Landscape and urban planning, 86 (1): 92-102.
[29]. Peckenham, J.M., Thornton, T., and Whalen, B. (2009). Sand and gravel mining: effects on ground water resources in Hancock county, Maine, USA. Environmental geology, 56, 1103-1114.
[30]. Bastante, F.G., Taboada, J., Alejano, L.R., and Ordóñez, C. (2005). Evaluation of the resources of a slate deposit using indicator kriging. Engineering Geology, 81 (4): 407-418.
[31]. Sousa, L.M. (2007). Granite fracture index to check suitability of granite outcrops for quarrying. Engineering Geology, 92 (3-4): 146-15932.
[32]. Taboada, J., Vaamonde, A., and Saavedra, A. (1999). Evaluation of the quality of a granite quarry. Engineering Geology, 53 (1): 1-11.
[33]. Taboada, J., Vaamonde, A., Saavedra, A., and Alejano, L. (1997). Application of geostatistical techniques to exploitation planning in slate quarries. Engineering Geology, 47 (3): 269-27734.
[34]. Anon, O. (1981). Basic geotechnical description of rock masses. International Society of Rock Mechanics Commission on the Classification of Rocks and Rock Masses. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanical Abstracts1981, 85-110.
[35]. Palmstrom, A. (1982). The volumetric joint count―a useful and simple measure of the degree of rock mass jointing. In International Association of Engineering Geology. International congress. 4 (pp. 221-228).
[36]. Chaminé, H.I., Afonso, M.J., Ramos, L., and Pinheiro, R. (2015). Scanline sampling techniques for rock engineering surveys: insights from intrinsic geologic variability and uncertainty. In Engineering geology for society and territory-volume 6: applied geology for major engineering projects (pp. 357-361). Springer International Publishing.
[37]. Priest, S.D. (1993). Discontinuity analysis for rock engineering. Springer Science & Business Media.
[38]. del Cura, M. G., Benavente, D., Bernabéu, A., and Martínez-Martínez, J. (2008). The effect of surface finishes on outdoor granite and limestone pavers. Materiales de Construcción, 58 (289-290): 65-79.
[39]. Sousa, L.M.O., Oliveira, A. S., and Alves, I.M.C. (2016). Influence of fracture system on the exploitation of building stones: the case of the Mondim de Basto granite (north Portugal). Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1-16.
[40]. Axen, G.J., Lam, P.S., Grove, M., Stockli, D.F., and Hassanzadeh, J. (2001). Exhumation of the west-central Alborz Mountains, Iran, Caspian subsidence, and collision-related tectonics. Geology, 29 (6): 559-562.
[41]. Cartier, E.G. (1971). Die Geologie des unteren Chalus Tals Zentral-Alborz/Iran (No. 164). Geologisches Institut der Eidg. Technischen Hochschule und der Universität Zürich.
[42]. Vahdati Daneshmand, F. (1991). Amol; geological quadrangle map of Iran: Tehran. Geological Survey of Iran, scale, 1(250,000).
[43]. Annelles, R.N., Arthurton, R.S., Bazely, R.A., and Davies, R.G. (1975). E3-E4 Quadrangle, 1: 100 000 scale geological Mmap and explanatory text of Qazvin and Rasht. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran.
[44]. Rivière, A. (1934). Contribution à l'étude géologique de l'Elbourz (Perse). Revue de géographie physique et de géologie dynamique.
[45].Guest, B., Stockli, D.F., Grove, M., Axen, G.J., Lam, P.S., and Hassanzadeh, J. (2006). Thermal histories from the central Alborz Mountains, northern Iran: implications for the spatial and temporal distribution of deformation in northern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 118 (11-12): 1507-1521.
[46]. Ehlen, J. (2002). Some effects of weathering on joints in granitic rocks. Catena, 49(1-2): 91-109.
[47]. Loorents, K. J., Björklund, L., and Stigh, J. (2000). Effect of induced fracturing based on a natural fracture system in a dimension stone quarry in the Offerdal Nappe, Sweden. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 58, 215-225.
[48]. Afzal, P., Darestani, R.A., Parvaresh, A., Gashtasbi, K., and Kaveh Ahangaran, D. (2008). Joints Effects On Excavation Benches Designing In Divchal Granite Mine, Kelardasht. 1 (2): 1-14. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 253 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 362 |
||